Italian grammar · Beginner

Italian Past Participle

The Italian past participle (participio passato) is the verb form that builds every compound tense, such as ho parlato and sono partito. Regular participles end in -ato, -uto, or -ito, but many common verbs have irregular past participles, such as fatto, detto, and visto. The participle can also change its ending to agree with a subject or an object, and it often works as an adjective.

Hai letto il mio messaggio?

Have you read my message?

What it is

A past participle names a completed action without saying who did it or when: parlato (spoken), venduto (sold), finito (finished). On its own it is not a full verb, so Italian pairs it with a form of avere or essere, which supplies the person and the tense. English works the same way in I have spoken, but Italian participles can also change their ending for gender and number, which English participles never do.

Ho venduto la macchina. Mia sorella è partita ieri. (I've sold the car. My sister left yesterday.) Partita ends in -a because the subject is feminine.

How to spot it

Regular participles end in -ato (from -ARE verbs), -uto (from -ERE verbs), or -ito (from -IRE verbs). A participle ending in -tto, -sto, -so, or -rto is almost always irregular: fatto, visto, preso, aperto.

  • parlare → parlato (to speak → spoken)
  • credere → creduto (to believe → believed)
  • capire → capito (to understand → understood)
  • scrivere → scritto (to write → written (irregular))

Most irregular participles come from -ERE verbs. Almost all -ARE verbs are regular; fare (fatto) is the main exception, because its infinitive comes from the Latin facere.

Past Participle Quick Reference

Past participle endings by verb group, with common irregular patterns

Verb groupEndingInfinitiveParticiple
-ARE verbs-atoparlareparlato
-ERE verbs-utovenderevenduto
-IRE verbs-itodormiredormito
-IRE verbs with -isc--itocapirecapito
Irregular in -tto-ttofarefatto
Irregular in -so-soprenderepreso
Irregular in -sto-stovederevisto
Irregular in -rto-rtoaprireaperto

Common Past Participle Examples in Italian

The Italian past participle in real sentences:

In Compound Tenses

Abbiamo visto un film bellissimo.
We saw a beautiful film.
Avevo già mangiato.
I had already eaten.
Avrò finito entro le cinque.
I'll have finished by five.

The same participle appears in every compound tense; only the helper verb changes.

As an Adjective

La porta è chiusa.
The door is closed.
Ho comprato una macchina usata.
I bought a used car.

As an adjective, the participle always agrees with its noun: un libro usato, una macchina usata.

Agreement With Essere

Le ragazze sono arrivate tardi.
The girls arrived late.
Mio fratello è nato a dicembre.
My brother was born in December.

With essere, the participle agrees with the subject, like an adjective.

Agreement With lo, la, li, le

Le foto? Le ho viste ieri.
The photos? I saw them yesterday.
La torta l'ha fatta mia madre.
My mother made the cake.

With avere, the participle agrees only with a direct object pronoun that comes before the verb.

How the Italian Past Participle Works

A regular ending for each verb group, a set of irregular forms to learn, and clear rules for agreement.

Regular Endings: -ato, -uto, -ito

Remove -are, -ere, or -ire from the infinitive and add -ato, -uto, or -ito. Parlare gives parlato, vendere gives venduto, dormire gives dormito.

Ho parlato con il medico.

I spoke to the doctor.

-are → -ato, -ere → -uto, -ire → -ito.

No -isc- in the Participle

Verbs like capire, finire, and pulire add -isc- in the present tense (capisco), but their participles are regular: capito, finito, pulito.

Non ho capito la domanda.

I didn't understand the question.

capisco → capito.

With Essere, It Agrees With the Subject

When the helper verb is essere, the participle ends in -o, -a, -i, or -e to match the subject: one man, one woman, a male or mixed group, or a female group.

Mia sorella è partita ieri.

My sister left yesterday.

partito, partita, partiti, partite.

With Avere, It Normally Stays in -o

When the helper verb is avere, the participle does not agree with the subject or with a noun object that follows it. Ho mangiato la pizza, not ho mangiata la pizza.

Maria ha comprato due giacche.

Maria bought two jackets.

avere + noun object: no agreement.

With Avere, It Agrees With lo, la, li, le

When a direct object pronoun lo, la, li, or le comes before avere, the participle agrees with it. Lo and la shorten to l' before forms of avere that start with a vowel or h.

I tuoi amici? Li ho visti al bar.

Your friends? I saw them at the café.

li ho visti, le ho viste, l'ho vista.

In the Passive and as an Adjective

Essere plus a participle also forms the passive voice, and the participle can stand alone as an adjective. In both cases it agrees with the noun it describes.

Il museo è stato aperto nel 1950.

The museum was opened in 1950.

è stato aperto, è stata aperta.

Common Mistakes with Past Participle

Incorrect: Ho apruto la porta. (I opened the door.)

Correct: Ho aperto la porta. (I opened the door.)

Aprire is irregular: its participle is aperto. Offrire works the same way: offerto.

Incorrect: Ho scrivuto una mail. (I wrote an email.)

Correct: Ho scritto una mail. (I wrote an email.)

Scrivere has the irregular participle scritto. Many -ERE verbs are irregular, so check before you apply the -uto ending.

Incorrect: Le ragazze? Le ho visto ieri. (The girls? I saw them yesterday.)

Correct: Le ragazze? Le ho viste ieri. (The girls? I saw them yesterday.)

When le comes before avere, the participle must agree with it: feminine plural, so viste.

Incorrect: Ho mangiata la pizza. (I ate the pizza.)

Correct: Ho mangiato la pizza. (I ate the pizza.)

With avere, the participle does not agree with a noun object that comes after it. Agreement happens only with a pronoun before the verb: l'ho mangiata.

One Participle Across the Compound Tenses

The participle stays the same in every compound tense: only the helper verb changes tense. The first table uses fare with avere; the second uses venire with essere, so the participle agrees with the subject.

Fare (with avere)

The irregular participle fatto appears in these four compound tenses of the indicative and conditional.

Pronounpassato prossimotrapassato prossimofuturo anteriorecondizionale passato
ioho fattoavevo fattoavrò fattoavrei fatto
tuhai fattoavevi fattoavrai fattoavresti fatto
lui / lei / Leiha fattoaveva fattoavrà fattoavrebbe fatto
noiabbiamo fattoavevamo fattoavremo fattoavremmo fatto
voiavete fattoavevate fattoavrete fattoavreste fatto
lorohanno fattoavevano fattoavranno fattoavrebbero fatto

Fatto never changes here, because the helper is avere and there is no object pronoun.

Venire (with essere)

With essere, the participle agrees with the subject in every compound tense.

Pronounpassato prossimotrapassato prossimofuturo anteriorecondizionale passato
iosono venuto / venutaero venuto / venutasarò venuto / venutasarei venuto / venuta
tusei venuto / venutaeri venuto / venutasarai venuto / venutasaresti venuto / venuta
lui / lei / Leiè venuto / venutaera venuto / venutasarà venuto / venutasarebbe venuto / venuta
noisiamo venuti / venuteeravamo venuti / venutesaremo venuti / venutesaremmo venuti / venute
voisiete venuti / venuteeravate venuti / venutesarete venuti / venutesareste venuti / venute
lorosono venuti / venuteerano venuti / venutesaranno venuti / venutesarebbero venuti / venute

Venuto looks regular, but venire is irregular in most other tenses.

Italian Irregular Past Participles

The irregular participles fall into a few patterns by ending. Learning them in groups is faster than learning a single long list.

Participles in -tto

fare → fatto, dire → detto, leggere → letto, scrivere → scritto, rompere → rotto, tradurre → tradotto.

Chi ha scritto questa lettera?
Who wrote this letter?
Ho rotto un bicchiere.
I broke a glass.
Hai fatto colazione?
Have you had breakfast?

Cuocere (to cook) also belongs here: cotto, as in prosciutto cotto.

Participles in -so and -sto

prendere → preso, mettere → messo, chiudere → chiuso, decidere → deciso, perdere → perso, scendere → sceso, ridere → riso; vedere → visto, chiedere → chiesto, rispondere → risposto, rimanere → rimasto.

Dove hai messo le chiavi?
Where did you put the keys?
Abbiamo deciso di restare.
We decided to stay.
Mi ha chiesto il tuo numero.
She asked me for your number.

Perdere and vedere also have the regular forms perduto and veduto, which are now much less common.

Other common irregulars

aprire → aperto, offrire → offerto, morire → morto, nascere → nato, vivere → vissuto, essere → stato, scegliere → scelto, spegnere → spento, vincere → vinto, correre → corso.

Chi ha aperto la finestra?
Who opened the window?
Hai spento la luce?
Did you turn off the light?
Mia nonna è nata a Bari.
My grandmother was born in Bari.

Essere borrows its participle from stare: sono stato means both I have been and I have stayed.

Quick Check: Past Participle

Write the past participle, with the correct ending.

1. Hai (leggere) ___ il giornale?

Answer: letto

irregular in -tto

2. Abbiamo (prendere) ___ un taxi.

Answer: preso

irregular in -so

3. Le mie cugine sono (venire) ___ a trovarci.

Answer: venute

essere, feminine plural

4. I biglietti? Li ho (comprare) ___ ieri.

Answer: comprati

agreement with li

5. Chi ha (rispondere) ___ al telefono?

Answer: risposto

irregular in -sto

Past Participle FAQs

How do you form the past participle in Italian?
Remove the infinitive ending and add -ato for -ARE verbs, -uto for -ERE verbs, and -ito for -IRE verbs: parlato, venduto, dormito. Many common -ERE verbs, and a few -IRE verbs, have irregular participles that must be learned separately.
What are the most common irregular past participles in Italian?
The ones you will use most are fatto (fare), detto (dire), stato (essere), preso (prendere), messo (mettere), visto (vedere), letto (leggere), scritto (scrivere), aperto (aprire), chiuso (chiudere), chiesto (chiedere), risposto (rispondere), rimasto (rimanere), nato (nascere), morto (morire), and vissuto (vivere).
When does the Italian past participle agree?
With essere, it always agrees with the subject: Anna è partita, loro sono partiti. With avere, it agrees only with a direct object pronoun before the verb: le ho viste. As an adjective or in the passive, it agrees with the noun it describes: la porta è chiusa.
Is venuto regular or irregular?
Venuto follows the regular -uto pattern even though venire is an -IRE verb, so it is usually listed as irregular. It takes essere and agrees with the subject: sono venuto, sono venuta, siamo venuti.
Can the past participle be used as an adjective?
Yes, very often, and it then agrees with its noun: un negozio chiuso (a closed shop), una lettera scritta a mano (a handwritten letter), le patate fritte (fried potatoes). Many everyday adjectives are participles, such as aperto (open), cotto (cooked), fritto (fried), and usato (used).

Conjugation tables for these verbs