Italian grammar · Beginner

Passato Prossimo

The passato prossimo is the everyday Italian past tense for finished actions. It is often called the Italian present perfect because it is built the same way: a helper verb (avere or essere) plus a past participle, as in ho mangiato. Unlike the English present perfect, it also covers the simple past, so ho mangiato means both I have eaten and I ate.

Ieri sera abbiamo mangiato in un ristorante nuovo.

Last night we ate at a new restaurant.

What it is

The passato prossimo has two parts. The first is the present tense of avere or essere, which shows who did the action. The second is the past participle, which shows what was done. English uses the same structure in I have eaten, but Italian uses it far more widely: it is the normal way to say what happened yesterday, last week, or last year.

Ho finito il lavoro e sono tornata a casa. (I finished work and went home.) Avere goes with finire, essere goes with tornare.

How to spot it

Look for a form of avere (ho, hai, ha, abbiamo, avete, hanno) or essere (sono, sei, è, siamo, siete, sono) directly before a word ending in -ato, -uto, or -ito, or before a common irregular participle such as fatto or visto.

  • Ho parlato con il direttore. (I spoke to the manager.)
  • Hai venduto la bici? (Have you sold the bike?)
  • Siamo partiti alle sei. (We left at six.)
  • Che cosa hai fatto oggi? (What did you do today? (fatto is irregular))

The helper verb is in the present tense, but the meaning is past. Ho visto means I saw or I have seen, never I have to see.

Passato Prossimo Quick Reference

Passato prossimo: present of avere or essere + past participle (-ato, -uto, -ito)

Subjectparlare (avere)vendere (avere)partire (essere)
ioho parlatoho vendutosono partito / partita
tuhai parlatohai vendutosei partito / partita
lui / lei / Leiha parlatoha vendutoè partito / partita
noiabbiamo parlatoabbiamo vendutosiamo partiti / partite
voiavete parlatoavete vendutosiete partiti / partite
lorohanno parlatohanno vendutosono partiti / partite

Common Passato Prossimo Examples in Italian

The passato prossimo in real sentences:

Finished Actions With Avere

Ieri ho lavorato fino alle otto.
Yesterday I worked until eight.
Abbiamo mangiato una pizza buonissima.
We ate a really good pizza.
Hai finito i compiti?
Have you finished your homework?

Any verb that can take a direct object uses avere, and the participle does not change.

Movement and Change With Essere

Sono arrivata a Roma lunedì.
I arrived in Rome on Monday. (female speaker)
Marco è uscito alle nove.
Marco went out at nine.
I bambini sono cresciuti tanto.
The children have grown so much.

With essere, the participle agrees with the subject: arrivata for a woman, cresciuti for a group.

Experiences

Sei mai stato a Venezia?
Have you ever been to Venice?
Non ho mai visto la neve.
I have never seen snow.

Mai (ever, never) usually goes between the helper verb and the participle.

Today and Just Now

Stamattina ho bevuto due caffè.
This morning I drank two coffees.
Ho appena finito di mangiare.
I've just finished eating.

Appena (just) also sits between the helper verb and the participle.

How the Passato Prossimo Is Built

Two choices make every form: which helper verb, and which ending on the participle.

Helper Verb + Past Participle

Conjugate avere or essere in the present tense for the subject, then add the past participle. Only the helper verb changes with the person; with avere, the participle stays the same.

Ho comprato il pane.

I bought the bread.

ho + comprato.

Regular Participles: -ato, -uto, -ito

Remove the infinitive ending and add -ato for -ARE verbs, -uto for -ERE verbs, and -ito for -IRE verbs. Parlare gives parlato, vendere gives venduto, dormire gives dormito.

Abbiamo venduto la macchina.

We sold the car.

-are → -ato, -ere → -uto, -ire → -ito.

Most Verbs Take Avere

Every verb that takes a direct object uses avere: mangiare, vedere, comprare, chiamare. Many verbs without an object also use avere, for example dormire, lavorare, and camminare.

Ho chiamato mia madre.

I called my mother.

If it can take an object, use avere.

Essere for Movement, Change, and Staying

Verbs of movement from one place to another (andare, venire, arrivare, partire, uscire, entrare, tornare), change of state (nascere, morire, diventare, crescere), and staying (restare, rimanere, stare) use essere. So do essere itself, piacere, and every reflexive verb.

Siamo tornati tardi.

We came back late.

andare, venire, nascere, restare: essere.

With Essere, the Participle Agrees

When the helper is essere, the participle works like an adjective and matches the subject: -o for a man, -a for a woman, -i for a mixed or male group, -e for a female group.

Le ragazze sono partite presto.

The girls left early.

partito, partita, partiti, partite.

Some Verbs Take Both

A few verbs, such as finire, cominciare, passare, and salire, use avere when they have a direct object and essere when they do not.

Ho finito il libro. La lezione è finita.

I finished the book. The lesson is over.

Object: avere. No object: essere.

Common Mistakes with Passato Prossimo

Incorrect: Ho andato al cinema. (I went to the cinema.)

Correct: Sono andato al cinema. (I went to the cinema.)

Andare is a verb of movement, so it takes essere. English always uses have, which is why English speakers reach for avere by default.

Incorrect: Maria è partito ieri. (Maria left yesterday.)

Correct: Maria è partita ieri. (Maria left yesterday.)

With essere, the participle agrees with the subject. Maria is feminine and singular, so the participle ends in -a.

Incorrect: Ho prenduto il treno. (I took the train.)

Correct: Ho preso il treno. (I took the train.)

Prendere has the irregular participle preso. The regular -uto pattern does not apply to it.

Incorrect: Ho abitato qui da cinque anni. (I have lived here for five years.)

Correct: Abito qui da cinque anni. (I have lived here for five years.)

For an action that started in the past and is still true now, Italian uses the present tense with da. The passato prossimo would mean the situation is over.

Helper Verbs and Irregular Participles

The helper verbs are in the present tense, so you only need to learn avere and essere once. The second table shows four very common verbs with irregular participles, two with avere and two with essere.

Avere and Essere in the Present

These are the only helper verbs in the passato prossimo.

Pronounavereessere
iohosono
tuhaisei
lui / lei / Leihaè
noiabbiamosiamo
voiavetesiete
lorohannosono

The h in ho, hai, ha, and hanno is silent. It is there to separate ho (I have) from o (or), and ha (has) from a (to).

Common Irregular Participles

Fare and prendere take avere; venire and rimanere take essere, so their participles agree with the subject.

Pronounfare (fatto)prendere (preso)venire (venuto)rimanere (rimasto)
ioho fattoho presosono venuto / venutasono rimasto / rimasta
tuhai fattohai presosei venuto / venutasei rimasto / rimasta
lui / lei / Leiha fattoha presoè venuto / venutaè rimasto / rimasta
noiabbiamo fattoabbiamo presosiamo venuti / venutesiamo rimasti / rimaste
voiavete fattoavete presosiete venuti / venutesiete rimasti / rimaste
lorohanno fattohanno presosono venuti / venutesono rimasti / rimaste

Essere has the participle stato, borrowed from stare: sono stato, I have been or I was.

Irregular Participles, Reflexive Verbs, and Agreement

Three details account for most passato prossimo errors once the basic pattern is in place.

Irregular past participles

Many common -ERE verbs, and a few -IRE verbs, have irregular participles that you need to learn as words: fatto (fare), detto (dire), preso (prendere), messo (mettere), visto (vedere), letto (leggere), scritto (scrivere), aperto (aprire).

Ho fatto colazione alle sette.
I had breakfast at seven.
Chi ha detto questo?
Who said this?
Ho messo le chiavi sul tavolo.
I put the keys on the table.
Abbiamo scritto una lettera alla nonna.
We wrote a letter to Grandma.

The full list, grouped by pattern, is on the past participle page.

Reflexive verbs always take essere

Every reflexive verb uses essere, and the reflexive pronoun goes before the helper verb. The participle agrees with the subject.

Mi sono svegliato alle sei.
I woke up at six. (male speaker)
Ci siamo divertiti molto.
We had a lot of fun.
Giulia si è vestita in fretta.
Giulia got dressed in a hurry.

Compare lavare (ho lavato la macchina) with lavarsi (mi sono lavato): the reflexive form switches to essere.

Agreement with lo, la, li, le

With avere, the participle normally never changes. The exception is a direct object pronoun (lo, la, li, le) before the verb: the participle then agrees with it. Lo and la shorten to l' before forms of avere that start with a vowel or h (l'ho, l'hai, l'abbiamo, l'avete).

Hai visto Maria? Sì, l'ho vista.
Did you see Maria? Yes, I saw her.
I biglietti? Li ho comprati ieri.
The tickets? I bought them yesterday.
Le chiavi? Le ho perse.
The keys? I've lost them.

With li and le the agreement is required. With mi, ti, ci, and vi it is optional.

Quick Check: Passato Prossimo

Put the verb in brackets into the passato prossimo. Choose avere or essere.

1. Ieri (io / lavorare) ___ fino a tardi.

Answer: ho lavorato

lavorare takes avere

2. Anna (arrivare) ___ alle nove.

Answer: è arrivata

movement: essere, feminine agreement

3. (Noi / vedere) ___ un bel film.

Answer: Abbiamo visto

irregular participle visto

4. I ragazzi (uscire) ___ dopo cena.

Answer: sono usciti

essere, masculine plural

5. Le lettere? (Io) Le ___ (scrivere) ieri.

Answer: ho scritte

agreement with the pronoun le

Passato Prossimo FAQs

How do you form the passato prossimo?
Use the present tense of avere or essere followed by the past participle. Regular participles end in -ato (parlato), -uto (venduto), or -ito (dormito). So ho parlato means I spoke or I have spoken, and sono partito means I left or I have left.
How do I know whether to use avere or essere?
Use avere for verbs that take a direct object and for most other verbs. Use essere for verbs of movement from one place to another (andare, venire, arrivare, partire), change of state (nascere, morire, diventare), staying (restare, rimanere), essere and stare themselves, piacere, and all reflexive verbs.
When does the past participle change its ending?
With essere, it always agrees with the subject: Luca è andato, Anna è andata, loro sono andati. With avere, it stays in -o, except when a direct object pronoun lo, la, li, or le comes before the verb: le ho viste, I saw them.
Is the passato prossimo the same as the English present perfect?
It has the same structure, but a wider use. The Italian present perfect also covers the English simple past, so ieri ho visto Marco means yesterday I saw Marco. In the other direction, I have lived here for years is not passato prossimo in Italian: it is the present tense, abito qui da anni.
What is the difference between the passato prossimo and the imperfetto?
The passato prossimo presents a finished event: ho letto un libro, I read a book. The imperfetto describes a habit, a situation, or an action in progress: leggevo un libro, I was reading a book. In a story, the imperfetto sets the scene and the passato prossimo moves the action forward.

Conjugation tables for these verbs