French grammar · Beginner
Sur in French: On, About, and Out Of
Sur means on or on top of: sur la table, sur le mur. It also expresses a topic (un livre sur la guerre), a proportion (neuf fois sur dix) and dimensions (quatre mètres sur trois), and it does not translate the English on of on the bus or on television.
Les clés sont sur la table, à côté du courrier.
The keys are on the table, next to the post.
What it is
The core of sur is contact from above: something resting on a surface. French then extends that image in two directions English does not always follow, using sur for the subject a text is about and for one quantity measured out of another.
Le vase est sur l'étagère, un article sur l'architecture, neuf fois sur dix. — The vase is on the shelf, an article about architecture, nine times out of ten.
How to spot it
If the noun after sur is a surface, sur means on. If it is a subject, sur means about. If it is a number, sur means out of.
- sur le bureau — on the desk (surface)
- un documentaire sur les abeilles — a documentary about bees (topic)
- trois sur cinq — three out of five (proportion)
- cinq mètres sur trois — five metres by three (dimensions)
Sur never contracts with the article: sur le mur, sur la table, sur les murs. Only à and de do that.
Sur Preposition Quick Reference
What sur can express
| Use | English | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Resting on a surface | on | sur le sol — on the floor |
| Attached to a vertical surface | on | sur le mur — on the wall |
| Subject matter | on, about | un livre sur Rome — a book about Rome |
| Proportion | out of | un jour sur deux — every other day |
| Dimensions | by | trois mètres sur quatre — three metres by four |
| Looking out onto | onto | La fenêtre donne sur la cour. — The window looks onto the courtyard. |
| Relying on | on | compter sur quelqu'un — to count on someone |
Common Sur Preposition Examples in French
Sur across its main senses:
On a Surface
- Pose le plateau sur la table.
- Put the tray on the table.
- Il y a une affiche sur le mur.
- There's a poster on the wall.
- Elle s'est assise sur le banc.
- She sat down on the bench.
- La neige tient encore sur les toits.
- There's still snow on the roofs.
Sur works for horizontal and vertical surfaces alike, so a plate on a table and a picture on a wall take the same preposition.
About a Subject
- C'est une thèse sur la Révolution.
- It's a thesis on the Revolution.
- Je travaille sur un nouveau projet.
- I'm working on a new project.
- Il a écrit un article sur le climat.
- He wrote an article about the climate.
- Nous n'avons pas d'informations sur elle.
- We have no information about her.
For a conversation, both sur and de are possible: parler sur un sujet is more formal than parler de.
Proportions and Measurements
- Neuf fois sur dix, il oublie.
- Nine times out of ten, he forgets.
- Je viens un jour sur trois.
- I come one day in three.
- La chambre fait quatre mètres sur trois.
- The room is four metres by three.
- Elle a eu quinze sur vingt.
- She got fifteen out of twenty.
French school marks are given out of twenty, so quinze sur vingt is the standard way to report a grade.
Digital and Media Uses
- Je l'ai trouvé sur Internet.
- I found it on the internet.
- Envoie-le-moi sur mon portable.
- Send it to my mobile.
- On en a parlé sur les réseaux sociaux.
- People discussed it on social media.
- Il est sur la photo, à droite.
- He's in the photo, on the right.
Sur Internet and sur mon portable are natural, but a broadcast is à la télévision or à la radio, never sur.
How Sur Works
One physical meaning, three extensions, and a short list of English uses of on that sur does not cover.
Contact From Above, Not Merely Nearby
Sur implies the thing is supported by the surface. For proximity without support, French uses à côté de, contre or près de.
Ton manteau est sur le dossier de la chaise.
Your coat is over the back of the chair.
Supported by the surface → sur.
A Topic Is a Surface You Write On
For books, articles, studies and projects, sur introduces the subject. The metaphor is the same as in English on, and it is very productive in academic and journalistic French.
Elle donne un cours sur le cinéma italien.
She teaches a course on Italian cinema.
un livre sur, un cours sur, travailler sur.
Sur Divides One Number by Another
In a proportion, sur gives the total: un sur dix is one in ten. With dimensions it gives the second measurement: six mètres sur quatre.
Un étudiant sur trois a réussi.
One student in three passed.
part + sur + whole.
A Few Verbs Demand It
Compter sur, donner sur, insister sur, se pencher sur, tomber sur and revenir sur all take sur, and the preposition has to be learnt with the verb because the English equivalents vary.
Tu peux compter sur moi.
You can count on me.
compter sur, donner sur, insister sur.
English On Is Not Always Sur
Transport, broadcasts, telephone calls and newspapers all take a different preposition in French: dans le bus, à la télévision, au téléphone, dans le journal. Using sur is the single most recognisable error with this word.
J'ai lu ça dans le journal, pas à la télévision.
I read that in the paper, not on television.
Check before translating on.
Common Mistakes with Sur Preposition
Incorrect: J'étais sur le bus quand tu as appelé. — I was on the bus when you called.
Correct: J'étais dans le bus quand tu as appelé. — I was on the bus when you called.
French locates you inside the vehicle, so buses, trains and planes take dans. Sur le bus would mean on the roof of it.
Incorrect: Je l'ai vu sur la télévision. — I saw it on television.
Correct: Je l'ai vu à la télévision. — I saw it on television.
Broadcasts take à: à la télévision, à la radio. Sur la télévision would mean physically on top of the set.
Incorrect: J'ai lu l'article sur le journal. — I read the article in the paper.
Correct: J'ai lu l'article dans le journal. — I read the article in the paper.
A newspaper is treated as a container of text, so French uses dans. Sur le journal only works if the object is lying on top of the newspaper.
Incorrect: Elle est sur le téléphone avec sa mère. — She's on the phone with her mother.
Correct: Elle est au téléphone avec sa mère. — She's on the phone with her mother.
Being on a call is être au téléphone. Sur mon téléphone is fine when you mean stored on the device: la photo est sur mon téléphone.
Proportions, Dimensions and Fixed Phrases
These uses are frequent, unpredictable from English, and worth learning as complete units.
Out of and every other
Sur between two numbers expresses a proportion. With deux it produces the standard way of saying every other: un jour sur deux, une semaine sur deux.
- Il travaille un week-end sur deux.
- He works every other weekend.
- Deux personnes sur trois sont d'accord.
- Two people out of three agree.
- J'ai eu douze sur vingt à l'examen.
- I got twelve out of twenty in the exam.
- Une chance sur mille, pas plus.
- One chance in a thousand, no more.
The nouns stay singular when the first number is one: un jour sur deux, une fois sur trois.
Set phrases
A number of very common expressions are built on sur, and none of them can be worked out from the individual words.
- Il était sur le point de partir.
- He was about to leave.
- un costume sur mesure
- a made-to-measure suit
- Nous réglerons cela sur place.
- We'll sort that out on the spot.
- Sur ce, je vous laisse.
- On that note, I'll leave you.
Sur le point de plus an infinitive is the standard way to say about to, and it is far more common than être prêt à.
Verbs that govern sur
With these verbs the preposition is fixed, and the English equivalent often uses a different one or none at all.
- La chambre donne sur le jardin.
- The bedroom looks out onto the garden.
- Il a insisté sur ce point.
- He stressed that point.
- Je suis tombé sur une vieille photo.
- I came across an old photo.
- Revenons sur ce que tu disais.
- Let's come back to what you were saying.
Tomber sur means to come across by chance, and has nothing to do with falling.
Sur Preposition FAQs
- What does sur mean in French?
- Primarily on or on top of: le livre est sur la table. It also means about, for the subject of a text (un film sur la guerre), out of, in proportions (huit sur dix), and by, in dimensions (trois mètres sur deux).
- Why is it dans le bus and not sur le bus?
- Because French places you inside any vehicle you can stand or sit in: dans le bus, dans le train, dans l'avion. Sur is reserved for things you sit astride, such as sur un vélo or sur un cheval.
- How do you say on television in French?
- À la télévision. Broadcast media take à: à la radio, à la télé. Sur is correct for online platforms, though: sur Internet, sur YouTube, sur les réseaux sociaux.
- What does un jour sur deux mean?
- Every other day. Sur between two numbers gives a proportion, and with deux it produces the English every other: une semaine sur deux, un week-end sur deux. The noun stays singular after un.
- Which verbs take sur?
- Compter sur (to count on), donner sur (to look out onto), insister sur (to stress), se pencher sur (to look into), tomber sur (to come across) and revenir sur (to come back to). The preposition is part of the verb and cannot be swapped for another.