French grammar · Advanced

French Conjunctions That Take the Subjunctive

A group of French conjunctions always takes the subjunctive: bien que, pour que, avant que, jusqu'à ce que, à moins que, sans que, pourvu que and a few more. They share a common thread, in that each one presents its clause as unrealised, hypothetical or merely conceded rather than as a plain fact.

Bien qu'il soit tard, on continue.

Even though it's late, we're carrying on.

What it is

Most uses of the subjunctive depend on the main verb: vouloir que, il faut que, je doute que. Conjunctions work differently. The word itself carries the requirement, whatever the main clause says, so bien que is followed by a subjunctive even in a sentence full of certainty.

Je te le dis pour que tu comprennes. — I'm telling you so that you understand.

How to spot it

Learn the conjunctions as a closed list rather than trying to feel your way. Almost all of them express concession, purpose, a limit in time, or a condition that hasn't been met.

  • avant qu'il parte — before he leaves
  • jusqu'à ce que tu sois prêt — until you're ready
  • à moins qu'elle refuse — unless she refuses
  • parce qu'il est tard — because it's late (indicative)

Que on its own is not a trigger. It is the whole conjunction, bien que or pour que, that decides the mood.

Subjunctive with Conjunctions Quick Reference

Which conjunction takes which mood

ConjunctionMeaningMoodExample
bien que, quoiquealthoughsubjunctivebien qu'il pleuve
pour que, afin queso thatsubjunctivepour que tu saches
avant quebeforesubjunctiveavant qu'il arrive
jusqu'à ce queuntilsubjunctivejusqu'à ce que ça marche
à moins queunlesssubjunctiveà moins qu'il pleuve
sans quewithoutsubjunctivesans que je le sache
pourvu que, à condition queprovided thatsubjunctivepourvu qu'il fasse beau
parce que, puisquebecause, sinceindicativepuisque tu insistes
pendant que, tandis quewhileindicativependant que tu dors
après que, dès queafter, as soon asindicativeaprès qu'il est parti

Common Subjunctive with Conjunctions Examples in French

The four families of subjunctive conjunctions:

Concession: Although

Bien qu'il fasse froid, je sors sans manteau.
Even though it's cold, I'm going out without a coat.
Quoiqu'elle soit jeune, elle a de l'expérience.
Although she's young, she has experience.
Bien que nous ayons perdu, le match était bon.
Although we lost, it was a good game.
Quoi qu'il arrive, je serai là.
Whatever happens, I'll be there.

Quoique in one word means although; quoi que in two words means whatever. Both take the subjunctive, but they aren't interchangeable.

Purpose: So That

Parle plus fort pour que tout le monde entende.
Speak louder so that everyone can hear.
Je note tout afin que rien ne soit oublié.
I write everything down so that nothing gets forgotten.
Il ferme la porte de peur qu'on l'entende.
He closes the door for fear of being overheard.
On part tôt de sorte qu'on arrive avant midi.
We're leaving early so that we arrive before noon.

A purpose hasn't happened yet by definition, which is the clearest illustration of why these conjunctions take the subjunctive.

Time Limits: Before, Until

Finis ton assiette avant que ça refroidisse.
Finish your plate before it gets cold.
Attends jusqu'à ce que je revienne.
Wait until I come back.
En attendant qu'il réponde, on peut commencer.
While waiting for him to reply, we can start.
Restez jusqu'à ce que la pluie s'arrête.
Stay until the rain stops.

Après que looks like avant que but takes the indicative, because what follows after has already happened.

Condition and Exception

Je viendrai à condition que tu conduises.
I'll come provided you drive.
Pourvu qu'il ne pleuve pas, on mangera dehors.
As long as it doesn't rain, we'll eat outside.
Elle est partie sans que personne s'en aperçoive.
She left without anyone noticing.
À moins que tu aies une meilleure idée, on fait comme ça.
Unless you have a better idea, we'll do it this way.

Si is the great exception among conditional words: it takes the indicative, never the subjunctive.

How These Conjunctions Behave

The mood is decided by the conjunction, but several other choices follow from it.

The Conjunction Overrides Everything Else

It doesn't matter how certain the fact is or how confident the speaker sounds. Bien qu'il soit deux heures du matin uses the subjunctive even though the time is beyond dispute.

Bien que ce soit vrai, personne ne le croit.

Even though it's true, nobody believes it.

The word chooses the mood.

Que Elides Before a Vowel

Because the subjunctive so often starts with a vowel, the que of these conjunctions is constantly reduced: bien qu'il, pour qu'elle, avant qu'on, à moins qu'ils.

Pour qu'elle accepte, il faudra insister.

For her to agree, we'll have to insist.

bien que + il → bien qu'il.

The Present Subjunctive Covers the Future

French has no future subjunctive, so avant qu'il parte covers both before he leaves and before he will leave. Never put a future tense after one of these conjunctions.

Je resterai jusqu'à ce qu'ils rentrent.

I'll stay until they get back.

No future after a subjunctive conjunction.

Use the Past Subjunctive for Completed Actions

If the clause describes something already finished relative to the main verb, switch to the past subjunctive: the subjunctive of avoir or être plus a participle.

Bien qu'il ait plu, la route est sèche.

Even though it rained, the road is dry.

bien qu'il ait plu, bien qu'elle soit partie.

Same Subject, No Clause at All

When both halves of the sentence share a subject, French usually drops the conjunction in favour of a preposition plus an infinitive. Pour que becomes pour, avant que becomes avant de, sans que becomes sans.

Je suis parti avant de finir.

I left before finishing.

Same subject → infinitive.

Common Mistakes with Subjunctive with Conjunctions

Incorrect: Bien qu'il est fatigué, il continue. — Although he's tired, he's carrying on.

Correct: Bien qu'il soit fatigué, il continue. — Although he's tired, he's carrying on.

Bien que always takes the subjunctive, even when the fact is beyond doubt. The conjunction concedes the fact rather than asserting it, and that concession is what the subjunctive marks.

Incorrect: Après qu'il soit parti, j'ai fermé la porte. — After he left, I closed the door.

Correct: Après qu'il est parti, j'ai fermé la porte. — After he left, I closed the door.

Après que introduces something that has already taken place, so it takes the indicative. This error is so widespread among native speakers that you'll hear it constantly, but it's still corrected in writing.

Incorrect: Je suis parti avant que je finisse. — I left before finishing.

Correct: Je suis parti avant de finir. — I left before finishing.

When both verbs have the same subject, French replaces the conjunction with a preposition and an infinitive. Avant que with a repeated subject is grammatically odd rather than simply clumsy.

Incorrect: Malgré qu'il fasse froid, on sort. — Despite the cold, we're going out.

Correct: Bien qu'il fasse froid, on sort. — Despite the cold, we're going out.

Malgré is a preposition and takes a noun: malgré le froid. To introduce a clause you need bien que or quoique. Malgré que exists but is widely considered incorrect.

The Subjunctive Forms You'll Need After These Conjunctions

The endings are -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent for almost every verb in the language. What varies is the stem, and the irregulars are a short, closed list.

Regular Verbs

The stem comes from the third person plural of the present indicative, minus -ent: ils parlent gives parl-, ils finissent gives finiss-, ils attendent gives attend-.

Pronounparlerfinirattendre
je / j'que je parleque je finisseque j'attende
tuque tu parlesque tu finissesque tu attendes
il / elle / onqu'il parlequ'il finissequ'il attende
nousque nous parlionsque nous finissionsque nous attendions
vousque vous parliezque vous finissiezque vous attendiez
ils / ellesqu'ils parlentqu'ils finissentqu'ils attendent

For -er verbs, four of the six subjunctive forms are identical to the present indicative, which is why the subjunctive is often invisible in speech.

The Four Essential Irregulars

Être and avoir are irregular throughout; aller and faire have a special stem that appears in every person except nous and vous for aller.

Pronounêtreavoirallerfaire
je / j'que je soisque j'aieque j'ailleque je fasse
tuque tu soisque tu aiesque tu aillesque tu fasses
il / elle / onqu'il soitqu'il aitqu'il aillequ'il fasse
nousque nous soyonsque nous ayonsque nous allionsque nous fassions
vousque vous soyezque vous ayezque vous alliezque vous fassiez
ils / ellesqu'ils soientqu'ils aientqu'ils aillentqu'ils fassent

Bien qu'il fasse froid and pour que ça aille mieux are two of the most frequent subjunctive phrases in the language.

The Modals and Falloir

Pouvoir and savoir have a single stem throughout; vouloir has two, veuill- and voul-; falloir exists only in the third person singular.

Pronounpouvoirsavoirvouloirfalloir
je / j'que je puisseque je sacheque je veuille
tuque tu puissesque tu sachesque tu veuilles
il / elle / onqu'il puissequ'il sachequ'il veuillequ'il faille
nousque nous puissionsque nous sachionsque nous voulions
vousque vous puissiezque vous sachiezque vous vouliez
ils / ellesqu'ils puissentqu'ils sachentqu'ils veuillent

Pour que je puisse and à moins qu'il ne faille are worth learning as blocks; both are common in careful speech.

Three Complications Worth Knowing

Once the list is memorised, these are the details that separate correct French from natural French.

The ne that doesn't negate

Avant que, à moins que, de peur que and de crainte que often take a ne that carries no negative meaning at all. It is optional, it belongs to careful style, and pas never accompanies it.

Partons avant qu'il ne pleuve.
Let's leave before it rains.
À moins qu'il ne change d'avis, c'est fini.
Unless he changes his mind, it's over.
Je te préviens de peur que tu ne t'inquiètes.
I'm warning you in case you worry.

If you see ne with no pas after one of these conjunctions, read the clause as positive. Adding pas would make it a genuine negative.

Avoiding the subjunctive with an infinitive

When the two clauses share a subject, French prefers a preposition plus an infinitive. This is not optional stylistic polish: the version with que often sounds wrong to a native ear.

Je travaille pour réussir.
I work in order to succeed.
Il est parti sans rien dire.
He left without saying anything.
Réfléchis avant de répondre.
Think before answering.

Jusqu'à ce que has no infinitive equivalent, so it keeps the subjunctive even with a shared subject.

Après que, and why people get it wrong

Après que takes the indicative, because the action it introduces has already happened. Many native speakers use a subjunctive there by analogy with avant que, and grammar guides still treat it as an error.

Après qu'il est parti, j'ai fermé.
After he left, I locked up.
Après que tu auras fini, appelle-moi.
After you've finished, call me.
Avant qu'il parte, dis-lui au revoir.
Before he leaves, say goodbye to him.

Dès que, aussitôt que, pendant que and depuis que all behave like après que and take the indicative.

Subjunctive with Conjunctions FAQs

Which French conjunctions take the subjunctive?
The main ones are bien que, quoique, pour que, afin que, avant que, jusqu'à ce que, en attendant que, à moins que, sans que, pourvu que, à condition que, de peur que and de crainte que. It's a closed list, so it can be memorised.
Why does bien que take the subjunctive when the fact is obviously true?
Because the subjunctive here doesn't mark doubt, it marks that the clause is being conceded rather than asserted. Bien qu'il soit minuit, on continue accepts the time as a background obstacle instead of stating it as news.
Does après que take the subjunctive?
No, it takes the indicative: après qu'il est arrivé, on a commencé. Many French speakers say après qu'il soit arrivé by analogy with avant que, and it is still treated as a mistake in careful writing.
What is the ne in avant qu'il ne parte?
It's the ne explétif, a stylistic ne that carries no negative meaning. Avant qu'il ne parte means before he leaves, not before he doesn't leave. It's optional, and it never appears with pas.
Can I avoid the subjunctive after these conjunctions?
Often, yes, when both clauses share a subject: use pour plus an infinitive instead of pour que, avant de instead of avant que, sans instead of sans que. Je travaille pour réussir replaces pour que je réussisse.